出自:国家开放大学人文英语4
Liu Hui interviews Dr. Smith about the issue of educational inequality.
Liu Hui: Thank you, Dr. Smith, for agreeing to be interviewed by our Campus News Weekly. First, what do you mean by educational inequality?
Dr. Smith: Educational inequality is the disparity that certain students experience in their education as compared to other students. But the meaning of it varies in different social contexts.
Liu Hui: Why does it exist in modern society?
Dr. Smith: Well, researchers link educational inequality to socioeconomic, racial and geographic reasons.
Liu Hui: So it is very likely that educational inequality exists in different forms in different countries.
Dr. Smith: Yeah, you are right. For example, in the United States, although skin color is linked to other forms of inequality, it is evident in education.
Liu Hui: Educational inequality exists in China, too. For example, the college entrance rate is much higher in Beijing than in other provinces. How do you think can we someday eradicate the inequality?
Dr. Smith: It.s impossible to answer such a big question in few words. Educational inequality has become one of the most important political and social issues in every nation nowadays. There have been numerous attempts at reforms and.....
Well, researchers link educational inequality to 1 .
A. socioeconomic, racial and educational reasons
B. racial, economic and geographic reasons
C. racial, socioeconomic and geographic reasons
2. According to the passage, 2 .
A. in the United States, skin color is linked to other forms of inequality, but not in education
B. in the United States, skin color is only linked to the form of inequality in education
C. in the United States, skin color is linked to the inequality in education
3. Educational inequality exists in 3 .
A. China only
B. many countries
C. all the countries
4. What does the word “eradicate” mean in the passage? 4
A. get rid of
B. cope with
C. carry out
5. What.s the attitude of Dr. Smith to the future of education equality? 5
A. reserved
B. positive
C. negative
完形填空题 (50 分) 50 分
(1)
A.A
B.B
C.C
(2)
A.A
B.B
C.C
(3)
A.A
B.B
C.C
(4)
A.A
B.B
C.C
(5)
A.A
B.B
C.C
Babies who are breast-fed may be more likely to be successful in life, a new study published Tuesday suggests. The study followed more than 3,000 babies into adulthood in Brazil. The researchers found those who were breast-fed scored slightly higher in intelligence tests in their 30s, stayed in school longer and earned more money than those who were given formula（配方奶粉）.
“Breast-feeding not only has short-term benefits, but also breast-feeding has long-term benefits, ” says Bernardo Lessa Horta of the Federal University of Pelotas in Brazil, who led the study being published in The Lancet Global Health.
Doctors have long known that breast-feeding can be good for a baby.s health. This is especially true in poor countries, where water can be contaminated. For instance, a baby given formula in developing countries is 14 times more likely to die in the first six months than one who.s breast-fed. In the U.S., some research has suggested that breast-feeding may raise a baby.s IQ（智商）by a few points. But a recent study with siblings（兄弟姐妹）found little advantage to breast-feeding.
Horta says these previous studies didn.t follow children into adulthood to see if breast-feeding had long-term effects. So Horta analyzed data collected from 3,493 volunteers he and his colleagues have been following since birth. They are now in their 30s. First, the researchers gave the subjects IQ tests. Those who were breast-fed for 12 months or more had IQ test scores that were 3.76 points higher than those who were breast-fed for less than one month, the team found.
When Horta and his colleagues looked at how much education the subjects had gotten and how much money they were making, they also found a clear difference: Those who were breast-fed the longest stayed in school for about an extra year and had monthly salaries that were about a third higher.
1. From the passage, we learn that Horta 1 .
A. is from Brazil
B. conducts his research in the U.S.
C. has 30 researchers on his team
2. Which of the following about those who were breast-fed is NOT mentioned? 2
A. They stayed longer in school
B. They were happier
C. They were smarter
3. Which of the following is TRUE? 3
A. Doctors don.t understand the benefits of breast-feeding.
B. Horta is concerned with water contamination in poor countries.
C. Horta.s research project lasted about 30 years
4. The word contaminated in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to 4 .
A. finished
B. interested
C. polluted
5. Which of the following is an appropriate title for this passage? 5
A. Researchers Have Pointed Out the Disadvantages of Breast-feeding
B. Researchers Have Found Out the Shortcomings of Formula
C. Breast-feeding Improves Chances of Success
完形填空题 (50 分) 50 分
(1)
A.A
B.B
C.C
(2)
A.A
B.B
C.C
(3)
A.A
B.B
C.C
(4)
A.A
B.B
C.C
(5)
A.A
B.B
C.C
填写主题句
I. Read the passage and choose the right sub-title (A-D) for each paragraph.
A. The inexactitude of language
B. Preventing misunderstandings
C. Intercultural communication
D. Fostering respect
E. Avoiding conflicts
Para 1 1
Intercultural communication refers to messages transmitted between members of two or more different societies. Effective intercultural communication helps firms avoid conflict, prevent misunderstandings, and foster respect.
Para 2 2
The workplace is growing more diverse every day. Managers cannot assume that what they find inoffensive will also be inoffensive to their subordinates. A lack of sensitivity can lead to claims of discrimination or harassment, which costs firms big money. Intercultural communication involves exercising sensitivity and tact to avoid such conflicts.
Para 3 3
We human beings have developed language to communicate ideas to one another. Still, our language represents an imperfect form of communication. Sometimes, words cannot accurately convey an idea, because the information might be highly complex. Also, a concept that exists in one culture or language might not be part of another. Effective intercultural communication tries to bridge language gaps as effectively as possible so that everyone at the workplace finds themselves on the same page.
Para 4 4
Given the inexactitude of language, misunderstandings can frequently arise between people from different cultures when they exchange information. Idioms often become lost in translation. For example, the English expression “to shoulder responsibility” translates into Swedish as “be a man for your hat”. Intercultural communication does not rely on expressions native to a particular language that could lead to confusion; rather, it relies on clear messages that all parties understand.
Para 5 5
Communication happens differently in various cultures. What one society finds acceptable may be anathema to another. When coworkers from different cultures do not take these differences into account, not only does communication suffer but conflicts come to the fore. Effective intercultural communication does not try to ignore societal differences; rather, it respects the variations among the human race and enables people to transmit information clearly.
完形填空题 (50 分) 50 分
(1)
A.A
B.B
C.C
D.D
E.E
(2)
A.A
B.B
C.C
D.D
E.E
(3)
A.A
B.B
C.C
D.D
E.E
(4)
A.A
B.B
C.C
D.D
E.E
(5)
A.A
B.B
C.C
D.D
E.E
When Bill de Blasio ran for New York City mayor last year, he promised to end a controversial （有争议的）, citywide cell-phone ban（禁令）in public schools, which is not equally enforced in all schools. Now, under his leadership, the city is preparing to end the ban. It will be replaced by a policy that allows phones inside schools but tells students to keep them packed away during class.
Many schools have a rule about enforcing the ban that says, “If we don.t see it, we don.t know about it.” That means teachers are OK with students bringing in cell phones, as long as they stay out of sight and inside bags and pockets.
But at the 88 city schools with metal detectors, die ban has been strictly enforced. The detectors were installed to keep weapon out of schools，but the scanners（扫描器）can also detect cell phones. So students at these schools must leave their phones at home or pay someone to store it for them.
The ban was put into place in 2007 under mayor Michael Bloomberg. Ending the ban will also likely end an industry that has sprung up near dozens of the schools that enforce the ban. Workers in vans（厢式货车）that resemble food tracks store teens. cell phones and Other devices for a dollar a day,
Critics of the ban say cell phones are important safety devices for kids during an emergency. They also say that enforcement of the ban is uneven and discriminatory. Where the ban is enforced, it puts a disadvantage on students who can.t afford to pay to store their phones.
Before putting an official end to the cell-phone ban, city education officials are working on creating a new policy. It will include rules about not using the phones during class or to cheat on tests.
1. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? 1
A. New York City will give financial aid to poor students.
B. New York City plans to restrict cell phone use in libraries.
C. New York City will soon end a ban on cell phones in schools.
2. Students pay 2 a day to leave their cell phones in a van parked near their school.
A. a dollar
B. two dollars
C. five dollars
3. Metal detectors were installed in 88 city schools, mainly to keep 3 out of schools.
A. cell phones
B. weapons
C. drugs
4. The word discriminatory in Paragraph 5 probably means 4 .
A. necessary
B. tough
C. unfair
5. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? 5
A. After the cell-phone ban is ended, students can use their phones during class.
B. The cell-phone ban is equally enforced in all public schools.
C. A phone-storage industry has appeared outside the 88 metal-detector campuses.
完形填空题 (50 分) 50 分
(1)
A.A
B.B
C.C
(2)
A.A
B.B
C.C
(3)
A.A
B.B
C.C
(4)
A.A
B.B
C.C
(5)
A.A
B.B
C.C
Respondent: Binhai People.s Hospital
Address: No 7, Binhai Road, Binhai City
The following answer is given to Zhang Hua.s claim for personal-injury compensation by the Binhai People.s Hospital:
1. The respondent does not have a direct contractual relationship with Zhang Hua. Zhang Hua had an oral contract to remove the high-voltage meter cabinet with Binhai No. 2 Construction Installation Company on June 10, 2008. He was assigned by Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company and therefore has no direct contractual relationship with the respondent.
2. Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company should be responsible for compensating Zhang Hua for the following reasons. Firstly, according to PRC laws and relevant judicial interpretations, Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company shall be responsible for any injury employees suffered in the contract performance. Secondly, Zhang Hua seriously violated the operational procedure in removing the high-voltage meter cabinet and failed to pay due attention thereto.
3. The respondent shall not be responsible for compensating the injuries of Zhang Hua. According to the General Principles of the Civil Law, any person engaged in highly dangerous operations shall be responsible for compensation. In this case, the respondent entered into a contract with Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company, whereby the source of high danger shifted to Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company. Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company became the subject of the dangerous operation, and therefore any damages caused in the contract performance by Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company have no connection with the respondent.
Therefore, Binhai People.s Hospital is not liable for compensating Zhang Hua. We hereby request the court to reject the plaintiff.s action according to law.
To：
Binhai City Intermediate People.s Court
Respondent: Binhai People.s Court
Date: May 10th, 2011
1. According to the plaintiff, 1 should be responsible for compensating Zhang Hua.
A. Binhai People.s Hospital
B. Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company
C. Binhai City Intermediate People.s Court
2. Zhang Hua had an oral contract with 2 .
A. 2 Construction and Installation Companies
B. Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company
C. Binhai City Intermediate People.s Court
3. The respondent stated 3 reasons to reject Zhang Hua.s claim.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
4. Zhang Hua himself 4 bear some responsibilities.
A. should
B. shouldn.t
C. mustn.t
5. 5 was quoted by the respondent.
A. the PRC General Civil Law
B. the PRC Civil Procedural Law
C. General Principles of the Civil Law
完形填空题 (50 分) 50 分
(1)
A.A
B.B
C.C
(2)
A.A
B.B
C.C
(3)
A.A
B.B
C.C
(4)
A.A
B.B
C.C
(5)
A.A
B.B
C.C