出自:国开作业公共政策概论
A computer program, “Cepheus”, has solved the game of poker. The Computer Poker Research Group (CPRG) created Cepheus. It claims Cepheus can not only play poker, but also beat human opponents. Games, such as poker and chess, have been used as test beds. New concepts in artificial intelligence are being developed. Past successes in this field include IBM.s Deep Blue. It defeated world champion Garry Kasparov in chess. Poker brings special challenges to artificial intelligence researchers. The players — human or computer — don.t know about the past events. They can.t see the cards in the hands of their opponents. The CPRG determined that any game could be solved. Over the course of a lifetime, it could be played with 95 percent confidence. To test Cepheus with poker, the computer was trained for two months with more than 4,000 CPUs in use. Each CPU considered more than 6 billion hands of poker. That amounted to more poker than has been played by the entire human race. From each hand, Cepheus was able to improve its play. It can refine its choices to get closer to finding the best possible solution. In developing Cepheus, the CPRG.s goal was not to beat all human players and win the World Series of Poker. This technology is just one way to make a computer actually “think”. The next step for Cepheus will likely involve more hands of poker. More players are added. That will add more computation problems. Cepheus thus far has proved its prowess with cards. But what it does next will be limited by today.s computational capabilities. Computational power within the CPU/GPU, storage and RAM has continued to evolve. It allows for more complex supercomputing, software programming and problem solving. This allows the computer to learn. In the case of an unbeatable poker program, the computer would have to learn every possible move in every possible given situation. Then it would draw on its database to know the possible best move to make to win.
1-1、Cepheus can play poker but can not defeat human opponents.
A、√
B、×
Grandma Moses is among the most famous twentieth-century painters of the United States, yet she did not start painting until she was in her late seventies. As she once said of herself：“I would never sit back in a rocking chair, waiting for someone to help me.” No one could have had a more productive old age. She was born Anna Mary Robertson on a farm in New York State, one of five boys and five girls. At twelve she left home and was in domestic service until, at twenty—seven, she married Thomas Moses, the hired hand of one of her employers. They farmed most of their lives, first in Virginia and then in New York State, at Eagle Bridge. She had ten children , of whom five survived ; her husband died in 1927. Grandma Moses painted a little as a child and made embroidery(刺绣) pictures as a hobby, but only changed to oils in old age because her hands had become too stiff to sew and she wanted to keep busy and pass the time. Her pictures were first sold at the local drugstore and at a market and were soon noticed by a businessman who bought everything she painted. Three of the pictures exhibited in the Museum of Modern Art, and in 1940 she had her first exhibition in New York. Between the 1930’s and her death she produced some 2,000 pictures：detailed and lively portrayals(描绘) of the country life she had known for so long, with a wonderful sense of colour and form. “I think really hard till I think of something really pretty, and then I paint it.” she said.
1-1、According to the passage, Grandma Moses began to paint because she wanted to_________.
A、make herself beautiful
B、keep active
C、earn more money