出自:国家开放大学管理英语3
Over the decade 2001–2010, an average of more than 700 natural and technological emergencies occurred globally every year, 回答
approximately 270 million people and causing over 130 000 deaths annually. Twenty-five per cent of these emergencies, and 44 per cent of these deaths, occurred in less developed countries with limited capacities to prepare for and respond effectively 回答
emergencies. These statistics do not include the high levels of mortality and morbidity associated with conflict-related emergencies. 回答
the World Bank, over 1.5 billion people live in countries affected by violent conflict. These populations suffer from the consequences of societal disruption and increases in mortality and morbidity due to infectious diseases, acute malnutrition, trauma and complications from chronic diseases.
Over the same time period, risks to public health 回答
due to globalization, and international travel and trade. Such risks might be transmitted by people (e.g. SARS, influenza, polio, Ebola), goods, food, animals (e.g. zoonotic disease), vectors (e.g. dengue, plague, yellow fever), or the environment (e.g. radio-nuclear releases, chemical spills or other contamination).
In all types of emergencies, the poorest and most vulnerable people suffer disproportionately. These 回答
impacts are complicated by the enormity of the resulting economic costs, averaging over US$100 billion per year. The appropriate and timely management of these risks requires effective national and international capacities, intersectoral collaboration, the promotion of equity, the protection of human rights, and the advancement of gender equality.
Three Steps to a Good Marketing Budget
Without good hudget management,you are likely to overspend on marketing
accidentally. Here are three steps that help to make a good marketing budget.
Step 1:Organize financial information
The first step is to be clear of your current financial situation. You need to know how much money your company makes monthly and the changes that tight arise in the future. Although income flows change throughout the year,you must organize the information based on reliable
revenue—the minimum amount of money your company makes each month.
A realistic budget plan will always focus on the income that exceeds the expenses,not the total revenue that cotnes in. When you have determined the amount of disposable income
available for the company, you should determine where the money will go.
Step 2:Determine where you want to spend marketing funds
After you know the total amount available to spend on marketing,the next step is how you plan to spend that money. Three main factors decide how you spend marketing funds:
the budget amount, your past experiences, and where you can reach the right audience.
You will start organizing how to spend the funds based on the amount. Besides,you need to consider the strategies that have worked in the past. Also, you need consider which
marketing channels will allow you to reach the right audience.
Step 3:Assess data and make appropriate changes
The final step in building a good marketing budget is the analysis of the plan and any changes that may improve revenue. Ultimately,marketing is designed to bring in extra revenue. If the activity does not bring in any additional revenue over its cost, then it is better
to change strategy and try something else.
Assessing the data is a vital part of creating an effective marketing strategy. Evaluation begins with comparing past performance to the performance after marketing the product or
services.
However,a good budget alone is not enough. You have to take action and remain committed to following through your plan. By keeping the budget in mind when you make decisions,you will have the opportunity to work out different strategies to find the best
solutions for your business goals and prevent overspending on marketing.
21.What should the budget plan be based on?
A. The company.s reliable expense. B. The company.s reliable income.
C. The company.s reliable cost.
22.What does“disposable income”mean in paragraph 3?
A. Total income. B.Previous income.
C.Net income.
23. You have to be clear of when organizing financial information.
A. the income and expenses B. the marketing fund
C.the budget management
24.The three main factors that decide how you spend marketing funds are
A. the money you have earned, the actual expenses and the money you will expend
B. the budget amount, your past experiences and where you can reach the
right audience
C. the assets you have, the product and the income
25.Keeping the budget in mind when making marketing decisions will avoid
A.using less than you earn B.using money unnecessarily
C.using more than you earn
I.m Michael Bush,Managing Director of Hoogle Engineering.I am pleased to welcome you here to our website and I.d like to tell you a little about the company and its organization. Hoogle Engineering was set up in 1960. It was divided into several departments at that time, such as the sales department,marketing department,and production department. Lots of managers were employed to manage it all.
Fortunately things are different now. Sixty people are employed by Hoogle and communication between departments is considered to be one of the most important aspects of the business. The market is global so we need to make contact with customers worldwide,
not just locally.
But in the old days we were all in different departments and never spoke to each other. We had a tall structure. Traditionally we had people at the first level on the shop floor, manufacturing products according to the instructions which they were given. Then you had a supervisory level of people who supervised them every day. Then you moved up to the
middle management,who were doing the tasks of getting new business,and then you had
the senior management team,and then you had the board, who decided the business
strategy. So there were a lot of levels in the company in the old days actually.
The structure today is that we form teams within teams to place people who can manufacture a product. Each team has members that can manufacture different products. The actual teams now are self-managing,so we don.t even have team leaders. You.ve got the teams,and then you.ve got two people, only two people, who are what you think of as management. This is generally called flat structure.
21. Hoogle Engineering was set up in
A. the nineteenth century B. the twentieth century
C. the twenty first century
22. There are many different of management in a tall structure.
A. kinds B. levels
C. functions
23.People in a flat structure usually work in
A. departments B. families
C. teams
24. All of the following statements are true according to the passage EXCEPT
that
A. communication in the company is becoming more and more important
B. the author thinks the two structures have the same functions
C. there are more individual responsibilities in the flat structure
25.The best title for the passage would be“
A. Organization Structure in Hoogle Engineering
B. History of Hoogle Engineering
C. Success in Hoogle engineering
The 2014 Ebola outbreak is the largest in history and the first Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Although the current epidemic does not cause a significant risk to other nations, many countries,including China and the United States of America,have actually been working closely with the Ebola hit states. For example,the US Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention(CDC)is taking precautions at home besides its activities abroad.
CDC.s team of“virus hunters”is supported by specialized public health teams both in West Africa and at the CDC Atlanta headquarters. Together, they offer continuous support to save lives and protect people. CDC works closely with a number of US government agencies,national and international partners. CDC.s experience of working with Ebola is
important to the World Health Organization.s growing West Africa Ebola response.
On Sept.2,2014,CDC Director,Tom Frieden called for more international partners to join this effort.“The sooner the world comes together to help West Africa,the safer we all will be. We know how to stop this outbreak. There is a window of opportunity to do so—the
challenge is to scale up the massive response needed to stop this outbreak.”
CDC.s response to Ebola is the largest international outbreak response in CDC.s history with over 100 disease specialists on the ground in West Africa,supported by hundreds of public health emergency response experts stateside, activated at Level 1,its highest level,
because of the significance of this outbreak.
The CDC supports affected countries to establish Emergency Operations Centers at national and local levels and helps countries track the epidemic including using real-time data to improve real-time response.
Efforts in West Africa to identify those infected and track people who have come into contact with them are improving. The CDC is operating and supporting labs in the region to improve diagnosis and testing samples from people with suspected Ebola from around the
world.
Local health care systems are strengthened through communication,coordination with
partners and training on infection control for health care workers and safe patient treatment.
26. How could we describe the 2014 Ebola outbreak?
A. The first one in western countries.
B. It did not ever threaten West Africa.
C. Not the first but the largest one.
27. The 2014 Ebola outbreak response was
A. an American stateside activity
B. an international activity
C. a regional activity
28. What does the underlined word“massive”mean in Paragraph 3?
A. Huge. B. Quick.
C. Urgent,
29. How many disease specialists from CDC have gone to West Africa for the Ebola
response?
A. Less than 100. B. A hundred.
C. More than 100.
30. What action does CDC take to respond to the large Ebola outbreak?
A. Work closely with governmental,national and international partners.
B. Call for more partners to join this effort.
C. Establish Emergency Operations Centers.