出自:湖南大学-计算机
Some children are natural-born bosses. They have a strong need to make decisions, manage their environment, and lead rather than follow. Stephen Jackson, a Year One student, "Operates under the theory of what.s mine is mine and what.s yours is mine," says his mother. "The other day I bought two new Star Wars light sabers(剑). Later, I saw Stephen with the two new ones while his brother was using the beat-up ones. "
"Examine the extended family, and you.ll probably find a bossy grandparent, aunt, uncle or cousin in every generation. It.s an inheritable trait,” says Russell Barkley, a professor at the Medical University of South Carolina. Other children who may not be particularly bossy can gradually gain dominance(支配地位)when they sense their parents are weak, hesi tant, or in disagreement with each other.
Whether it.s inborn nature or developed character at work, too much control in the hands of the young isn.t healthy for children or the family. Fear is at the root of a lot of bossy behavior, says family psychologist John Taylor. Children, he says in his book From Defiance to Cooperation, "have secret feelings of weakness" and "a desire to feel safe". It.s the parents. role to provide that protection.
When a "bossy child" doesn.t learn limits at home, the stage is set for a host of troubles outside the family. The overly willful and unbending child may have trouble obeying teachers or coaches, for example, or trouble keeping friends. It can be pretty lonely as the top dog if no one likes your bossy ways.
"I see more and more parents giving up their power," says Barkley, who has studied bossy behavior for more than 30 years. "They bend too far because they don.t want to be as strict as their own parents were. But they also feel less confident about their parenting skills. Their kids, in turn, feel more anxious. "
1. Bossy children like Stephen Jackson .
A. make good decisions B. show self-centeredness
C. lack care from others D. have little sense of fear
2. The underlined phrase "inheritable trait" in Paragraph 2 means .
A. inborn nature B. developed character
C. accepted theory D. particular environment
3. The study on bossy behavior implies that parents .
A. should give more power to their children
B. should be strict with their children
C. should not set limits for their children
D. should not be so anxious about their children
4. Bossy children may probably become .
A. relaxed B. skillful C. hesitant D. lonely
5. What is the passage mainly about?
A. How bossy behavior can be controlled.
B. What le ads to children.s bossy behavior.
C. What effect bossy behavior brings about.
D. How we can get along with bossy children.
In the opinion of many Americans and Europeans, we only began to really explore our world in the sixteenth century. According to them, the sailors of the ancient world did not explore distant parts of the world; they did not have the necessary knowledge or skills for long sea journeys. However, the people who have this opinion are forgetting two important facts of history.
First, sometimes early scientists have an idea which is correct, but scientists in later centuries do not believe it. For example, about 270 B. C., a Greek scientist had an idea which we all believe today: The earth moves around the sun. But for the following 1,600 years, scientists did not believe this. In their opinion, the sun clearly moved around the earth. They discovered the truth again only in the fifteenth century!
The second fact of history that many people forget is this: Ancient does not mean primitive. For example, the ancient Egyptians knew a great deal about the stars; they used this knowledge to find their way across the oceans. Two thousand years ago a Greek scientist who lived in Egypt calculated the distance around the earth. The results of his calculations were close to the real distance we know today! So the ancients had a great deal of scientific knowledge. They also had skills which equaled the skills of today. For example, 1,300 years ago and before, fishermen in Ireland built their boats of wood and leather. Today some fishermen in Ireland still make boats of the same design. They use tools and materials which are not very different from the tools and materials which their ancestors used. Why? The ancient design of the boats was good, and with skillful sailors, these boats can sail in all kinds of weather.
Clearly long before the sixteenth century, people had the skill, the knowledge and the equipment which were necessary for long journeys by sea. The world did not have to wait until the sixteenth century for its first explorers!
6. Which of the following statements is consistent with the passage?
A. The writer agrees with many Americans and Europeans except for the two facts mentioned in the passage.
B. In the history of science, people sometimes have to discover a fact a second time.
C. According to the writer, we only began to really explore the world in the sixteenth
century.
D. The ancient Egyptians had very little knowledge about the stars.
7. Why does the writer use the example of the Greek scientist who calculated the distance around the world?
A. He wants to show the knowledge of ancient scientists.
B. He wants to give an example of scientific knowledge which was available to early
explorers.
C. He wants to show that science has not been developing significantly.
D. He wants to give an example of something which later scientists greatly improved.
8. The word “primitive” (Line 1, Para. 3) means ________.
A. underestimated
B. unsophisticated
C. basic
D. primary
9. According to the writer, why do Irish fishermen still use boats like the boats which their ancestors used 1,000 years ago?
A. The necessary materials are easily available.
B. Boats made of wood or leather are light and fast.
C. The design of the boats is very good.
D. They don’t have the money for expensive boats.
10. “People from the ancient world sailed around Africa. They even reached America.” In your opinion, how WOULD the writer of the passage feel about these statements?
A. In his opinion, they are possible.
B. He does not believe them.
C. He has used this as an important fact to praise ancient civilization.
D. In his opinion, ancient explorers did not have the skills necessary for long journeys.
About ten men in every hundred suffer from color blindness in some way; women are luckier only about one in two hundred is affected in this manner. There are different forms of color blindness. A man may not be able to see deep red.
He may think that red, orange and yellow are all shades of green. Sometimes a person cannot tell the difference between blue and green. In rare cases an unlucky man may see everything in shades of green — a strange world indeed.
In certain occupations color blindness can be dangerous and candidates are tested most carefully. For example, when fighting at night, soldiers use lights of flares to signal to each other. A green light may mean “Advance” and a red light may mean “Danger! Keep back!”, You can see what will happen if somebody thinks that red is green! Color blindness in human beings is a strange thing to explain. In a single eye there are millions of very small things called “cones”, These help to see in a bright light and to tell the difference between colors. There are also millions of “rods” but these are used for seeing when it is nearly dark. They show us shape but not color. Wait until it is dark tonight, then go outside. Look around you and try to see what colors you can recognize.
Birds and animals which hunt at night have eyes which contain few or no cones at all, so they cannot see colors. As far as we know, bats and adult owls cannot see colors at all only light and dark shapes. Similarly, cats and dogs cannot see colors as well as we can.
Insects can see ultra violet rays which are invisible to us, and some of them can even see X rays. The wings of a moth may seem grey and dull to us, but to insects they may appear beautiful, showing colors which we cannot see. Scientists know that there are other colors around us which insects can see but which we cannot see. Some insects have favorite colors. Mosquitoes like blue, but do not like yellow. A red light will not attract insects but a blue lamp will.
11. Among people who suffer from color blindness, ________.
A. very few may think that everything in the world is in green
B. few can tell the difference between blue and green
C. some may see everything in shades of green
D. few may think that red, orange and yellow are all shades of green
12. When millions of rods in our eyes are at work in darkness we can see.
A. shapes only
B. shapes and colors
C. colors only
D. darkness only
13. According to the passage, bats and adult owls cannot see colors.
A. because they hunt at night
B. because they cannot see light
C. because they have no cones and rods
D. because they have no cones
14. According to the passage, dogs and cats.
A. can see colors as well as human beings
B. as well as human beings cannot see some colors
C. have less rods than human beings
D. have fewer cones than human beings
15. Which of the following is not true about insects?
A. Insects can see more colors than human beings.
B. Insects can see ultra violet rays which are invisible to men.
C. All insects have their favorite colors.
D. The world is more colorful to insects than to human beings.
Computers have become so necessary to modern living that it is difficult to believe that they are a relatively recent invention. Undoubtedly, they have proved to be of great value, but they also have their disadvantages. For one thing, they have added to our already large number of crimes.
Hacking was the first computer crime that most of us became aware of. By using their computing expertise, people known as hackers can gain unauthorized access to someone else.s computer and make use of the data which they find there. They may, for example, get hold of lists of the names of their competitors. clients and use these to build up their own businesses, or they may use hacking as a form of industrial espionage to find out a rival company.s plans. Other hacking activities may be more obviously criminal, in that hackers may log on to financial data in someone else.s computer and either alter it illegally or use it for fraudulent purposes.
The possibility of serious financial fraud has been greatly increased by the modern practice of purchasing goods through the Internet. Apparently, the use of credit cards to pay for purchases has led to record levels of fraud with a great many people being swindled out of a great deal of money. Banks are working hard to improve online security and to provide safeguards for customers, but fraudsters are working just as hard to improve their crooked techniques.
Many computer users worry in case their systems are affected by computer viruses. The people who introduce such bugs into other people.s computer programs may not intentionally be committing a crime, but may be doing so as an act of mischief or spite. The motive does not really matter to the people whose data has been deleted or altered or whose files have been corrupted.
Computers are part of a highly technical method of working, in which there are constantly new developments. Unfortunately, there is also a constant stream of new developments in the fraud industry associated with them all. All computer users must be on their guard.
16. The inseparable connection between computers and modern living has often made us forget the fact that___________.
A. computer crimes are increasing
B. computes have many disadvantages
C. computers have been in our lives not for long
D. computers have brought about a lot of crimes
17. Which of the following factors is not mentioned in the passage as an example of
hacking?
A. Finding out a competitor.s plans.
B. Accessing someone else.s financial data.
C. Sending computer viruses to one.s competitors.
D. Getting hold of the names of one.s competitors. clients.
18. Which of the following is assumed to be a good way to ensure safety of online
shopping?
A. Avoiding using credit cards.
B. Tracking possible fraudsters.
C. Depositing money in a bank.
D. Improving the banking security system.
19. The writer believes that___________.
A. computer crimes can be eradicated
B. people don.t care much about computer viruses
C. people who introduce computer viruses are criminals
D. computer users must be on guard against computer crimes
20. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
A. Computer Technology
B. Computer Hacking
C. Roles of Computers
D. Advantages of Computers